What is DTH?

DTH stands for Direct-To-Home television. DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home.

DTH does away with the need for the local cable operator and puts the broadcaster directly in touch with the consumer. Only cable operators can receive satellite programmes and they then distribute them to individual homes.


How does DTH work?

A DTH network consists of a broadcasting centre, satellites, encoders, multiplexers, modulators and DTH receivers.

A DTH service provider has to lease Ku-band transponders from the satellite. The encoder converts the audio, video and data signals into the digital format and the multiplexer mixes these signals. At the user end, there will be a small dish antenna and set-top boxes to decode and view numerous channels. On the user's end, receiving dishes can be as small as 45 cm in diametre.

DTH is an encrypted transmission that travels to the consumer directly through a satellite. DTH transmission is received directly by the consumer at his end through the small dish antenna. A set-top box, unlike the regular cable connection, decodes the encrypted transmission.



How does DTH really differ from cable TV?

The way DTH reaches a consumer's home is different from the way cable TV does. In DTH, TV channels would be transmitted from the satellite to a small dish antenna mounted on the window or rooftop of the subscriber's home. So the broadcaster directly connects to the user. The middlemen like local cable operators are not there in the picture.

DTH can also reach the remotest of areas since it does away with the intermediate step of a cable operator and the wires (cables) that come from the cable operator to your house. As we explained above, in DTH signals directly come from the satellite to your DTH dish.

Also, with DTH, a user can scan nearly 700 channels!

WHAT IS HDMI 1.3 ?

HDMI 1.3 is an improved specification for the HDMI standard, with upgrades to each of the HDMI components.

HDMI 1.3 offers a higher video throughput, at 340Mhz, to allow for higher resolution displays, Deep Color (up to 48-bit RGB or YCbCr color depths), and the new Dolby standards for lossless compressed high-definition audio.

HDMI 1.3 uses a smaller connector than the original HDMI connector. They are both similar in appearance, but the HDMI 1.3 plug measures about half the size.

HDMI 1.3 is expected to appear in commercial products by the end of the year, starting with the release of the Sony Playstation 3. Models of DVD players, high-definition displays, and AV receivers released in 2007 are also being designed with HDMI 1.3 connectors.

WHAT IS HDMI ?

HDMI stands for (H)igh (D)efinition (M)ultimedia (I)nterface.

In a constantly changing industry, HDMI is the current standard of an all-in-one, standardized, universal connector for audio/video applications. Featuring a modern design and backed by the biggest names in the electronic industry, HDMI is attempting to finally unify all digital media components with a single cable, remote, and interface.

HDMI is built with a 5 Gbps bandwidth limit, over twice that of HDTV (which runs at 2.2 Gbps), and is built forwards-compatible by offering unallocated pipeline for future technologies. The connectors are sliding contact (like FireWire and USB) instead of screw-on (like DVI), and are not nearly as bulky as most current video interfaces.

HDMI 1.3 further increases the bandwith limit to 10.2 Gbps, to allow for the video and audio improvements of the upgraded standard.

HDMI supports standard, enhanced, or high-definition video, plus multi-channel digital audio on a single cable. This video data is then encoded into TMDS for transmission digitally over HDMI. HDMI also includes support for 8-channel uncompressed digital audio. Beginning with version 1.2, HDMI now supports up to 8 channels of one-bit audio. One-bit audio is what is used on Super Audio CDs.

The standard Type A HDMI connector has 19 pins, and a higher resolution version called Type B, has been defined, although it is not yet in common use. Type B has 29 pins, allowing it to carry an expanded video channel for use with high-resolution displays. Type-B is designed to support resolutions higher than 1080p.

HDMI-High Definition Media Interface {2}

The first benefit should drastically simplify home theater setup, and the second benefit should significantly improve picture and sound quality by keeping everything digital as it moves between components.

HDMI supports standard, enhanced, or high-definition video, plus multi-channel digital audio on a single cable. It transmits all ATSC HDTV standards and support 8- channel, 192kHz, uncompressed digital audio and all currently-available compressed formats (such as Dolby Digital and DTS), HDMI 1.3 adds additional support for new lossless digital audio formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD with bandwidth to spare to accommodate future enhancements and requirements.

• HDMI is the de facto standard digital interface for HD and the consumer electronics market: More than 400 companies have become adopters, and more than 60 million devices featuring HDMI are expected to ship in 2006 (conservative estimate by In-star).

• Convergence-HDMI is the interface for convergence of PC and consumer electronics devices: HDMI enables PCs to deliver premium media content including high definition movies and multi-channel audio formats. HDMI is the only interface enabling connections to both HDTV and digital PC monitors implementing the DVI and HDMI standards.

• Evolving standard – HDMI is continually evolving to meet the needs of the market: Products implementing new versions of the HDMI specification will continue to be fully backward compatible with earlier HDMI products.

project on HDMI

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is the first and only industry supported, uncompressed, all-digital audio/video interface. By delivering crystal-clear, all-digital audio and video via a single cable, HDMI dramatically simplifies cabling and helps provide consumers with the highest-quality home theater experience. HDMI provides an interface between any audio and/video source, such as a set-top box, DVD player, or A/V receiver and an audio and/or video monitor, such as a digital television (DTV), over a single cable.


Instead of using half a dozen of the two dozen connectors on the back of a home theater component, you use just one HDMI connection. HDMI offers two big benefits:


• Instead of needing multiple cables for the video signal and multiple cables for the sound signal, HDMI integrates all video and sound signals onto a single, thin cable. It makes it trivially easy to connect component together.

• Instead of converting digital signals to analog (to run through the cables) and the back to digital, everything on an HDMI cable remains in its original, uncompressed digital format

Syllaubus/FOURTH SEMSTER

SYLLABI OF FOURTH SEMSTER

EN04 401A ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-IV

(Common for all B.Tech. programmes except CS and IT)
Module I
Functions of a Complex Variable I: Functions of a complex variable- Derivatives and analytic
functions- Cauchy-Reimann equations- Laplace equation- Conformal mapping- Exponential
functions- Trigonometric functions- Hyperbolic functions- Logarithm- Linear functional
transformations.
Module II
Functions of a Complex Variable II: Line integral in the complex plane- Cauchy’s integral
theorem (Proof of existence of indefinite integral to be omitted)- Cauchy’s integral formula-
Derivatives of analytical functions ( proof to be omitted)- Taylor series- Laurent series-
Singularities and zeros- Residues and residue theorem- evaluation of real integrals.
Module III
Series Solutions of Differential Equations:
(i) Power series method for solving ordinary differential equations- Legendre’s equation and
Legendre polynomials- Rodrigue’s formula- Generating functions- Relations between Legendre
polynomials- Orthogonality property of Legendre polynomials( proof omitted).
(ii) Frobenius method for solving ordinary differential equations- Bessel’s equation- Bessel functions-
Generating functions- Relations between Bessel functions- Orthogonality properties of Bessel
functions (proof omitted).
Module IV
Partial Differential Equations: Basic concepts- Classification of linear PDE’s- Derivation of the
one dimensional wave equation and the one dimensional heat equation- Solutions of these
equations by the method of separation of variables- Solutions satisfying initial and boundary
conditions- D’Alembert’s solution of the one dimensional wave equation- Steady state two
dimensional heat flow.
Text Book:
Ervin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering mathematics (8th Edition ) John Wiley & Sons
Module I
Sections: 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9
Module II
Sections: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.4, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4
Module III
Sections: 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5
Module IV
Sections: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
REFERENCES
1. C R Wylie & L C Barrett, Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Sixth Edition), McGraw Hill.
2. Churchill R V, Brown J W & Verhey R F, Complex Variables and Applications, McGraw Hill .
3. Pipes L A & Harvill L R, Applied Mathematics for Engineers & Physicists, McGraw Hill
4. Michael D Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Second Edition) Pearson education Asia.
5. Sastry S S, Engineering Mathematics – Volumes 1 & 2, Prentice Hall of India


EN04 402 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Objective:
The importance of environmental science and environmental studies cannot be disputed. Continuing
problems of pollution, loss of forest, solid waste disposal, degradation of environment, loss of bio diversity
etc have made everyone aware of environmental issues. The objective of this course is to create general
awareness among the students regarding these environmental issues
.
Module 1 (12 Hours)
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies
Definition- Scope and importance- need for public awareness.
Natural Resources
Renewable and non renewable resources:
Natural resources and associated problems- forest resources: use and over exploitation, deforestation, case
studies. Timber extraction, mining, dams and their defects on forests and tribal people- water resources:
Use and over utilization of ground and surface water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dam benefits
and problems- Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using
mineral resources, case studies – Food resources: world food problems, changes caused by agriculture
overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case
studies – Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of
alternate energy sources, case studies – Land resources: Land as a resource, Land degradation, man induced
land slides, soil erosion and desertification- role of an individual in conservation of natural resources-
Equitable use of resources for sustainable life style.
Module 2 (14 Hours)
Ecosystem: Concept of an ecosystem- Structure and function of an ecosystem- producers, consumers and
decomposers- Energy flow in the ecosystem- ecological succession- Food Chains, food webs and
ecological pyramids – Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following
ecosystems: Forest ecosystem- grassland ecosystem – desert ecosystem – aquatic ecosystem (ponds,
streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)
Bio diversity and its conservation Introduction-definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity- bio
geographical classification of India- value of bio diversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical,
aesthetic, and option values – Bio diversity at global , national, and local levels – India as a mega diversity
nation – hot spots of Bio diversity- threads to bio diversity: habitat loss, poaching of wild life man- wildlife
conflicts- endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of bio diversity : in–situ and ex-situ
conservation of bio diversity
Module 3 (11 Hours)
Environmental pollution Definition-causes, effects and control measures of :- air pollution- water
pollution- soil pollution- marine pollution- noise pollution- thermal pollution- nuclear hazards- solid waste
management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes- role of an individual in
prevention of pollution- pollution case studies – Disaster management: Floods, earth quake, Cyclone and
Land slides- environmental protection act- air (prevention and control of pollution) act – water (prevention
and control of pollution) act – wild life protection act- forest conservation act – issues involved in
enforcement of environmental legislation- public awareness.
Module 4 (10 Hours)
Social Issues and the environment
From unsustainable to sustainable development- urban problems related to energy- water conservation, rain
water harvesting, water shed management- resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and
concerns, case studies- Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions- climate change, global
warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust. case studies- waste land
reclamation- consumerism and waste products
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
University of Calicut B. 16 Tech.-Electronics & Communication Engg.
Human population and the environment
Population growth, variation among nations- population explosion- Family welfare programme-
Environment and human health- pollution hazards, sanitation and health- Human rights for clean
environment- Value education- HIV/AIDS- social concern- Women and child welfare- Role of information
technology in environment and human health- case studies.
Field work (5 Hours)
• Visit to a local area to document environmental assets- river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain
• Visit to local polluted site- urban/rural/industrial/agriculture
• Study of common plants/insects/birds
• Study of simple eco systems- pond, river, hill slopes etc
Text books
1.Clark, R.S. Marine Pollution. Clanderson Press Oxford
2.Mhaskar A.K, Matter Hazardous. Techno-science Publications
3.Miller, T.G. Jr. Environmental Science. Wadsworth Publishing Co.
4.Townsend, C., Harper, J. and Michael Begon, Essential of Ecology. Blackwell Science
5.Trivedi. R.K. and Goel . P.K. Introduction to air pollution. Techno – Science Publications
Reference Books
1. Agarval. K.C.2001 Environmental biology. Nidi Publ. Ltd. Bikaner
2. Bharucha Erach, Biodiversity of India, Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad – 380 013, India,
Email: mapin@icenet.net
3. Brunner, R.C. 1989. Hazardous Waste Incineration. McGraw Hill Inc. 480p
4. Cunningham, W.P., Cooper, T.H., Gorhani, E & Hepworth, M.T. 2001Environmental
encyclopedia Jaico publ. House Mumbai 1196p
5. De, A.K. Environmental Chemistry. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
6. Down to Earth, Centre for Science and Environment
7. Gleick, H.P. 1993. Water in crisis. Pacific Institute for Studies in Dev., Environment and security,
Stockholm Env. Institute. Oxford Univ. Press. 473p
8. Hawkins, R.E. Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay
9. Heywood, V.H. & Watson, R.T. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge Univ. Press
1140p.
10.Jadhav, H. & Bhosale, V.M. 1995. Environmental Protection and Laws. Himalaya Pub. House, Delhi
11. Mckinney, M.L. & School, R.M. 1996. Environmental Science system & Solutions, Web enhanced
edition, 639p.
12.Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B.Saunders Co. USA, 574p
13. Rao, M.N. & Datta, A.K 1987. Waste Water treatment. Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd., 345p
14.Sharma, B.K. 2001. Environmental Chemistry. Goel Publ. House, Meerut.
15. Survey of the Environment, The Hindu (M)
16.Trivedi, R.K., Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules, Guidelines, Compliances and Standards, Vol I
and II . Enviro Media
17.Wagner.K.D. 1998. Environmental Management. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, USA 499p Magazine


EC04 403 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Objective:
To provide a basic idea in Digital principles, combinational circuits, sequential circuits and design of the
above circuits.
Module 1 (13 Hours)
Logic Circuits—truth tables –Boolean algebra—synthesis in standard forms—design examples—optimized
implementation of logic functions— Minimisation techniques (Karnaugh map & Queen Mclusky
methods)—Multi level synthesis and analysis –cubical representation and minimization--Number
representation and arithmetic circuits—Signed and unsigned adder subtractors—fast adders –fixed point---
floating point—and BCD representations—ASCII character code
Module 2 (13 Hours)
Introduction to logic families and their characteristics ( TTL,ECL,CMOS) – Interfacing - Combinational
circuit building blocks—multiplexers—decoders—encoders—code converters—Flip flops—SR, D, T, JKM/
S & edge triggered flip flops—registers—counters—reset synchronization—BCD, ring, Johnson
counters
Module 3 (13 Hours)
Synchronous sequential circuits—Mealy & More state models—Design Examples—State minimization—
Design of counters using sequential circuit approach—Finite State Machine (FSM) as an arbiter circuit—
Analysis of synchronous sequential circuit—Algorithmic state machine charts—Formal models
Module 4 (13 Hours)
Asynchronous sequential circuits—Analysis and synthesis—state reduction—transition diagram—
Exploiting unspecified next state entries—state assignment using additional state variables—one hot sate
assignment –Hazards—Static hazards—Dynamic hazards—Significance of Hazards
Internal work assessment
60% - Tests (minimum 2)
30% - Assignments/term project/any other mode decided by the teacher
10% - Other measures like regularity and participation in class
Total marks: 50
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
Text Book:
1. Taub and Schilling Digital Principles and applications
2. N N Biswas Logic design Theory PHI
References:
1. John F Wakerly, Digital Design- Principles and Practices(Third edition), Pearson
2. Mano M M, Digital Design, PHI
3. John M. Yarbrough, Digital Logic – Applications and Design, Thomson/Vikas Publishing
House
4. Thomas L Floyd, Digital Fundamentals (Eight edition), Pearson
5. Roth C H, Fundamentals of Logic design, Jaico
6. Salivahanan.S , Digital Circuits and Design, Vikas PublishingHouse






EC04 404 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Module 1
Design methodology—the register level components, devices and design—the processor level components
and design--Processor basics – CPU Organization—Data Representation – Instruction set - Instruction
formats—types and programming considerations
Module 2
Data path design -- fixed point arithmetic — various operations — arithmetic & logic units --
combinational and sequential ALUs. Floating point arithmetic –pipeline processing –Control design—
Hardwired control—micro programmed control
Module 3
Memory Organization—memory technology--Device characteristics—Random access memories—serial
access memories—Memory systems—multi level memories--Address translation memory allocation --
caches -- features--address mappings—Structures versus performance
Module 4
System organization – communication methods – basic concepts, bus control—I/O and system control—
Programmed I/O—DMA and interrupts; I/O processors- Parallel processing - Processor level parallelism—
multiprocessors—shared bus systems
Internal work assessment
60% - Tests (minimum 2)
30% - Assignments/term project/any other mode decided by the teacher
(10% - Other measures like regularity and participation in class
Total marks: 50
Text Book:
1. John P Hayes: Computer Architecture and Organization (3rd Edition) Mc Graw-Hill
References:
1. William Stallings: Computer Organization & Architecture ( 6th Edition) Pearson
2. M Morris Mano: Computer System Architecture,(3rd Edition), PHI/Pearson
3. Heuring & Jordan: Computer Systems Design & Architecture, Addison Wesley
4. Patterson D A & Hennessy J L: Computer Organization & Design, Morgan Kaufman


EC04 405 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS – II

Module 1 (13 Hours)
Differential Amplifiers – The BJT differential pair – Large and small signal operation – The MOS
differential pair - Large and small signal operation – Non ideal characteristics of the differential amplifier
– Differential amplifier with active load – Frequency response analysis. Two stage CMOS Op-Amp –
circuit, Common mode range and output swing, voltage gain, frequency response, slew rate.
Module 2 (13 Hours)
RC differentiator and integrator circuits – Compensated attenuators – Pulse transformer – Blocking
oscillator - Bistable multivibrator principles, analysis – fixed bias and self biased transistor bistable circuit
– triggering methods – Schmitt trigger analysis of emitter coupled circuit.
Module 3 (13 Hours)
Monostable multivibrator – principle and analysis – collector coupled and emitter coupled versions –
triggering – astable multivibrators – collector coupled and emitter coupled circuits – analysis – sweep
circuits – principles of miller and bootstrap circuits
Module 4 (13 Hours)
Power amplifiers - Class A, B, AB, C, D & S power amplifiers - Harmonic distortion - Efficiency - Wide
band amplifiers - Broad banding techniques - Low frequency and high frequency compensation - Cascode
amplifier - Broadbanding using inductive loads
Internal work assessment
60% - Tests (minimum 2)
30% - Assignments/term project/any other mode decided by the teacher
10% - Other measures like regularity and participation in class
Total marks: 50
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
Text books
1. Millman & Halkias, Integrated Electronics, McGraw Hill
2. Millman J. & Taub H., Pulse, Digital & Switching Waveforms, Tata McGraw Hill
3. Sedra A.S.& Smith K.C., Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press
Reference books
1. Taub & Schilling, Digital Integrated Electronics, McGraw Hill
2. Hayt W.H., Electronic Circuit Analysis & Design, Jaico Pub.
3. Bogart T.F., Electronic Devices & Circuits’, McGraw Hill



EC04 406 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

Module - 1
Linear continuous wave modulation – band pass signals and systems – Amplitude modulation – modulators
and transmitters – SSB signals, spectra and generation – VSB – signal and spectra – frequency conversion
and demodulation.
Exponential continuous- wave modulation – FM & PM – narrow band case, tone modulation, multi tone
periodic modulation. Transmission band width and distortion – various cases – Generation and detection of
FM and PM – various approaches – interference, de-emphasis and pre-emphasis, capture effect.
Module – 2
Receivers for continuous wave modulation – super-het direct conversion and special purpose receivers,
receiver specifications, multiplexing systems – frequency division, Quadrate carrier and time division
multiplexing – cross talk and guard time comparison of TDM and FDM.
Phase locked loop operation, synchronous detection and frequency synthesis FM detection, Television
systems – video signals, resolution and band width – Monochrome transmitters and receivers, basic
principles of color TV and HDTV.
Module – 3
Review of probability models – Random signals and noise – Ensemble average and correlation, Ergodic
and stationary processes, Gaussian processes – power spectrum, super position and modulation, filtered
random signals – noise – thermal noise white noise, noise equivalent band width – base band signal
transmission with noise – pulse measurements in noise
Module – 4
Noise in analog modulation systems – band pass noise – system models, quadrature
components, envelope and phase – linear continuous wave modulation with noise – synchronous detection,
envelope detection and threshold effect – Exponential continuous wave modulation with noise – pos
detection noise – destination S/N, FM threshold effect – comparison of continuous wave modulation
systems.
Sampling and reconstruction – pulse amplitude modulation, pulse time modulationideal
sampling, practical sampling and aliasing.
Internal work assessment
60% - Tests (minimum 2)
30% - Assignments/term project/any other mode decided by the teacher
10% - Other measures like regularity and participation in class
Total marks: 50
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
Textbook:
1. Bruce Carlson : Communication Systems, (Fifth Edition), McGraw Hill
References.
1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley
2. Ziemer R.E. & Tranter W.H., “Principles of Communication”, JAICOP Publishing House
3. Dennis Roddy, John Coolen, “Electronic Communications”, PHI
4. Sam Shanmugam K., “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, John Wiley
5. Lathi B.P., “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, Oxford University Press.
6. Tomasi, Electronic Communication: Fundamentals Through Advanced, Pearson Education






EC04 407(P) ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB

1. Feed back voltage regulator with short circuit protection
2. Voltage regulation with Zener diode and pass transistor
3. RC coupled amplifier – design for gain - frequency response
4. JFET amplifier - design for gain - frequency response
5. Feedback amplifiers – gain & frequency response
6. Emitter follower with and without complementary transistors - frequency response
7. Phase shift oscillator using BJT/FET
8. LC Oscillators
9. Power amplifier
10. Cascode amplifier – frequency response
11. Active load MOS amplifier
12. UJT characteristics and relaxation oscillator
13. Narrow band high gain tuned amplifier



EC04 408(P) DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB

1. Characteristics of TTL gates
2. Code converters using basic gates
3. Combinational logic design using decoders and MUXs
4. Half and full adders and subtractors
5. Four bit adder, subtractor and BCD adder using adder ICs
6. Implementation of single cell Arithmetic Logic Unit and study of ALU ICs
7. Astable and monosatable multivibrators using CMOS gates
8. Study of flip flops
9. Ripple , Johnson and Ring counters
10. Synchronous counters, Random sequence generators
11. A sequence detector circuit
12. Interfacing and addressing memory chips
13. ADC circuits (counter ramp and dual slope) & ICs
14. DAC circuits & ICs
3 hours practical per week

Electronics & communication eng....

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